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Retaining corporate data for many years after it was created is a concept many enterprises are familiar with, and is an essential part of ensuring their regulatory and compliance obligations are met.

Another important aspect of this process that some fail to appreciate is that access to this data also needs to be safeguarded. This is because of the likely event the application or device it was originally created on has fallen out of common use by the time it is needed.

While regulatory compliance is the key reason why many enterprises embark on this process in the corporate world, for the Gibraltar National Archives (GNA), digital preservation is an essential part of ensuring the annals of its cultural heritage and democratic history are safeguarded forever.

It is a process that started in earnest in 2011, when the government of Gibraltar set out plans to make it easier for people from all over the world, with an interest in the history of this overseas British territory, to access the information held by the GNA through digitisation.

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At the time, all of the records the archive held were paper-based and needed to be transcribed and uploaded to a database one by one, starting with the 1704 census register.

This is considered to be a landmark document in the history of Gibraltar, as it provides an account of who resided there during the year of its capture by Anglo-Dutch in the War of the Spanish Succession.

This later paved the way for the area to fall under British rule, after Spain ceded the territory to Britain in 1713.

Protecting data for future generations

Given the laborious nature of the task at hand, the GNA team claim it took nearly two years to upload and digitise the bulk of census material and make it accessible to users via the web, taking us to 2014.

Around this time, Anthony Pitaluga, now head of the GNA, was brought in to oversee the running of the project, which had just one other person working on it, and set about expanding its scope.

Despite the limited amounts of manpower at his disposal, Pitaluga sought permission to expand the remit of his digitisation project to include other forms of historical information, including the ecclesiastical registers and military records because of its historical value and importance.

To help the team make sense of all this data, Pitaluga got in touch with the National Archives in London to get some insights into their working practices. On the back of these conversations and numerous site visits, he began to appreciate the difference between digitisation and preservation.

“I was an IT graduate, but I hadn’t even thought about this question of digital preservation until it was brought to my attention [by the National Archives],” he tells Computer Weekly.

“The risk was we could have spent all this time and money doing digitisation only to lose [this information] a few years down the line because it is not preserved correctly.”

On the back of recommendations from the National Archives team, Pitaluga decided to kick the tyres of digital preservation software provider Preservica’s technology to see if it was up to the job of permanently protecting its data.

Digitisation versus preservation

Speaking to Computer Weekly, Preservica CEO Mike Quinn says Pitaluga’s realisation that digitising content is not the same as preserving it is a concept many enterprises still struggle with.

“Digital preservation is all about actively managing the file formats and ensuring they remain readable by applications in future,” he says.

“It’s about taking a proactive stance and saying, ‘This is in Lotus Notes, this is in Word Perfect and this is in Word ’97, and those formats will be redundant soon, so we need to maintain them’,” he said.

Where the GNA and other organisations like it are concerned, preservation is about ensuring a paper trail pertaining to the creation of these entities will persist for many years to come.

“The Gibraltar National Archives have a lot of important cultural, historic and democratic information they want to future-proof and preserve … for the memories of their nation,” Quinn adds.

Pitaluga eventually opted to install the Preservica Cloud Edition, which – in turn – hosts customer data in the Amazon Web Services (AWS) public cloud, making use of the firm’s S3 and Glacier cloud storage options.

This, in turn, has saved the GNA from having to invest in local servers, storage and networking equipment, with the organisation hailing the move as a “cost-effective” and “affordable” technology choice.

Preserving document authenticity

Another feature of the setup that proved particularly appealing to Pitaluga is the assurances it offers concerning the fixity of the documents uploaded through Preservica, should there ever be cause in future for their authenticity to be called into question.

“We have different versions of the Gibraltar constitution going back to 1850, and we’ve had different versions as our constitution has developed. [From time-to-time] we need to prove judicially those documents are the ones created originally at a certain point in time, and that capability in Preservica is very important,” says Pitaluga.

The system also allowed GNA to create a searchable database for its handwritten documents, to make them easier for historians and other interested parties to make sense of the information contained in the thousands of documents Pitaluga and his team have uploaded.

The nature of the data the GNA is concerned with preserving means there have not been any hard deadlines as such for the project to meet. This has allowed the team to methodically work through the stack of documents it has to digitise in its own time.

However, with 10 September 2017 marking the 50^th anniversary since the people of Gibraltar voted to remain under British rule during the 1967 sovereignty referendum, the GNA team sent out an appeal for pictures, videos and other data pertaining to this period.

Once again, this has added to the GNA’s workload, but is an important part in ensuring a record of what life was like there at this time is preserved for future generations, which is an ongoing challenge for Pitaluga and his team.

“People often ask me when our digital preservation project will be finished. I tell them never, because every day we are collecting records. Every day we are archiving unique material from newspapers to government records all for generations to come,” he says.

Read more about digital preservation

• London transport authority has begun moving its first 3TB of corporate archive data to the AWS cloud with the help of Preservica.
• The National Holocaust Centre and Museum (NHCM) turns to public cloud provider Datacentred to help preserve stories of World War II survivors.

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Karaikal (kāraikkāl) is a major port town of east coast of India and a municipality in Karaikal district in the Union Territory of Puducherry, India. This is the birthplace of Karaikal Ammaiyar.^[2]

The French government acquired Karaikal in 1674 and held control, with occasional interruption from the British and Dutch, until 1954 (de jure in 1956), when it was incorporated into the Indian Union along with the rest of French India.

• 2History
• 3Geography
• 6Culture
• 8Transport

Etymology[edit]

Several explanations are offered for the word 'Karaikal'. The imperial Gazetteer gives it the meaning 'fish pass'. However, the name Karaikal is no doubt a combination of two words 'Karai' and 'Kal'. Both the words ‘Karai and 'Kal' have several meanings, of which the more acceptable ones are 'lime mix' and 'canal' respectively. Hence it has been suggested that the name may mean a canal built of lime mix. However, no trace of such a canal is evident now.

History[edit]

Kingdom of Thanjavur[edit]

Before 1739 Karaikal was under the regime and control of Raja Pratap Singh of Tanjore. In 1738, Dumas, a shrewd calculative prudent man and a lover of peace and above all one who was anxious to extend the French territory in India by smooth means, negotiated with Sahuji of Thanjavur for possession of Karaikal, the fortress of Karakalcheri and five village for 40,000 chakras. On 14 February 1739 the French took possession of Karaikal town, the fort of Karakalcheri and eight dependent villages. At this point, the King of Thanjavur raised the price for the town of Karaikal and the fort of Karakalcheri to 50,000 chakras.

He also demanded a loan of 150,000 chakras without interest repayable in three years against the hypothecation of Mayavaram lands, and an annual rent of 4,000 pagodas for five villages. The French agreed to all the terms except for the payment of 150,000 chakras, which was then reduced to 10,000 chakras, while the annual rental was reduced to two or three thousand chakras. The villages so received were Kilaiyur, Melaiyur, Puduthurai, Kovilpathu and Tirumalairayanpattinam. Subsequently, two villages were ceded to the French. Pratap Singh, who succeeded the throne, renewed the demand for a loan of 100,000 chakras, and on receipt of the first instalment of 4,000 chakras he assigned eight more villages to the French viz., Codague (Kondagai), Vanjiyur, Arimullimangalam, Niravi, Dharmapuram, Uzhiapathu, Mattakudi (probably Mathalangudi) and Polagam. Then on 12 February 1740, he sold these villages for 60,000 chakras, which he had assigned only the previous year for 40,000 chakras.

French colony[edit]

The same year he pledged Thirunallar Mahanam for 55,350 chakras and also pledged 33 villages for 60,000 chakras. By a treaty signed on 12 January 1750 Pratap Singh ceded to the French 81 villages around Karaikal and cancelled the annual rent of 2,000 pagodas payable for the villages. This was all the territory the French possessed around Thanjavur when they surrendered to the British in 1761. The territory then passed twice to British control before it was finally handed over to the French in 1816/1817 under the Treaty of Paris, 1814.

Independence struggle[edit]

The formation of the Karaikal national congress on 13 June 1947 and the Students Congress on 31 January 1947 symbolised the first concrete expression of popular desire in Karaikal for independence from French rule. The French ruled this district until 31 October 1954, on which date the French flag flying atop the government house at Karaikal was lowered with due military honors before a large gathering of officials and non-officials. Thus the de facto transfer of power took place on 1 November 1954 followed by de jure transfer on 16 August 1962.

Part of India[edit]

Even though the Territory was handed over to the Republic of India on 1 November 1954, Karikal's municipal administration was continued pursuant to the Arrêté dated 8 March 1880. This was replaced by the promulgation of the Pondicherry Municipality Act, 1973, with effect from 26 January 1974. Mr. Gaudart was the first Mayor of Karaikal in 1884.

Geography[edit]

Karaikal is a small coastal enclave which was formerly part of French India. Together with the other former French territories of Pondicherry, Yanam, and Mahé, it forms the Union Territory of Puducherry. Karaikal is bounded on the North and South by Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu state, on the west by Tiruvarur district (also belonging to Tamil Nadu), and on the East by the Bay of Bengal. The enclave is located 140 kilometres (87 miles) south of the city of Pondicherry, 158 kilometres (98 miles) east of Trichy and is known for its rich cultural heritage. Karaikal town, about 20 kilometres (12 miles) north of Nagappattinam and 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) south of Tarangambadi, is the regional headquarters.

The main branches of Kaveri below Grand Anicut are the Kodamurutti, Arasalar, Virasolanar and the Vikramanar. Although Arasalar and its branches spread through Karaikal, the waters of Kodamurutti and Virasolanar also meet the irrigation needs of the region.

Forming a part of the fertile Cauvery delta, the region is completely covered by the distributaries of Cauveri. Covered completely by a thick mantle of alluvium of variable thickness, the lie of the region is flat having a gentle slope towards the Bay of Bengal in the east. It is limited on the north by the Nandalar and on the south-east by the Vettar. The group of rocks known as Cuddalore formations is met with in the area contiguous to Karaikal region in Nagappattinam District.

Climate[edit]

Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as tropical wet and dry (Aw).

Governance[edit]

The District Collector is the official representative to the Lieutenant Governor and Chief Co-ordinator and Liaison Officer to all Government departments of Karaikal district. District Collectorate, Karaikal is the functional headquarters of Karaikal District.

Karaikal region is made up of Karaikal municipality and the Communes of

Demographics[edit]

In 2011, Karaikal had population of 227,589 of which male and female were 111,492 and 116,097 respectively. In 2001 census, Karaikal had a population of 170,791 of which males were 84,487 and remaining 86,304 were females. There was change of 17.23 percent in the population compared to population as per 2001. The initial provisional data released by census India 2011, shows that density of Karaikal district for 2011 is 1,275 people per km². In 2001, Karaikal district density was at 1,067 people per km². Karaikal district administers 157 square kilometres (61 square miles) of area. Average literacy rate of Karaikal in 2011 were 87.05 compared to 81.94 of 2001. If things are looked out at gender wise, male and female literacy were 92.37 and 82.02 respectively. For 2001 census, same figures stood at 89.40 and 74.68 in Karaikal District. Total literate in Karaikal District were 164,916 of which male and female were 84,903 and 79,013 respectively. In 2001, Karaikal District had 142,453 in its district.

Culture[edit]

Located 140 kilometres (87 miles) south of the city of Pondicherry, 300 kilometres (190 miles) south of Chennai and 180 kilometres (110 miles) east of Thiruchi, Karaikal is known for its rich religious heritage, and is a destination for those seeking leisure and serenity.

The town enjoys a harmonious society made up of Hindus, Muslims, Christians and people of other religious persuasions. The French flavor still persists in the peaceful land of Karaikal.

Tamil is the predominant native language of the people. As the area was formerly a French possession, the French language is also found, especially among the elder generation.

Karaikal is known all over the country for its unique and the only temple devoted to the Lord Saneeswara (Lord Saturn) at Thirunallar.^[4]

Our Lady of Angels Church is the most prominent church in the town.

In Tirumalairayanpattinam, there is a famous temple called Ayirankaliamman temple, ayiram means 1000. We can see this god once in 5 years, because whatever offerings are given to this god, it should be 1008. So they will open for 3 days once in 5 years, and many devotees from all over Tamil Nadu and Puducherry will come and worship.

Karaikal is the Gateway to various places of worship in the eastern coast of Tamil Nadu. Two famous shrines, Velankanni for Christians and Nagore for Muslims are nearby Karaikal.

Karaikal Ammaiyar[edit]

Karaikal Ammaiyar is one of the 63 nayanmar lived here in Karaikal. She is one of the renowned saints, who devoted their life for lord shiva. She was called 'ammaiye' means mother by lord shiva. She married Paramathathan, a rich merchant of Nagapattinam in 6th century. Paramathathan sent 2 mangoes to his house for eating in lunch time. A Shaiva devotee came there.Ammaiyaar gave the devotee, curd rice and one of the two mangoes which her husband gave earlier. Later, when Ammaiyar's husband came home, Ammaiyar served him the other mango. The mango was very delicious, and her husband requested that the other mango be served. Ammaiyaar went inside kitchen, and Ammaiyar didn't know what to do since the Mango is already served to the adiyaar[siva's devotee]. With Lord Siva's grace a Divine Mango appeared in her palm. Ammaiyaar was very happy and Ammaiyar served the Mango to her husband.As this fruit was divinely sweet and was infinitely delicious compared to the previous one, her husband inquired as to how Ammaiyar obtained this mango. Since her husband was not a proper devotee, Ammaiyaar was afraid of revealing the God's grace. The rule is that God's grace should not be revealed to non-devotees. But there is one more rule that when a husband is asking something, the wife has to truthfully answer his questions. Subsequently, Ammaiyar worshiped Lord's feet and revealed the truth to her husband. Her husband didn't believe it. He asked her to produce another mango with divine help. Ammaiyar prayed to Lord Shiva for another mango and said to her Lord that if He didn't give her another Mango, his name will get affected. Immediately Lord gave her a similar mango, which she gave it to her husband. The mango then disappeared, and Paramathathan realised the divine nature of his wife. Paramathathan understood that Ammaiyar was worthy of worship and Ammaiyar cannot be treated as his wife. He then deserted Ammaiyar, becoming a trader and married the daughter of a merchant who then gave birth to their child. After knowing this she went to kailash mountain by her head, since she don't want her feet to touch the sacred mountain and by getting a ghost body as a boon from shiva.

Economy[edit]

Most of the people in town are office bearers and industrial workers. There are a number of iron and steel rolling mills, spinning mills, tiles, polythene, rubber and chemical industries in Karaikal. Other common sources of the people's income come from business. The prominent source of income of this district is agriculture and fishing. Karaikal is a coastal town with a total coastline of 26 kilometres (16 miles). There are 12 big fishing hamlets and around more than 25000 fishermen (6000 families) are living in these coastal villages. Their main employment is fishing, exporting and fishing related activities. The other main source is the liquor business, the tax being less and the cost almost half when compared to the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu. Karaikal is one of the towns in South India with high cost of living due to French NRI's presence. Thousands of families of origin of Karaikal live in France. Oil and Natural Gas Commission Limited (ONGC)'s Asset and Kaveri Basin is at karaikal.^[5]

Transport[edit]

Airways[edit]

Karaikal Airport is being constructed as a greenfield project. It is the first airport in the country built entirely with private capital. The project received in-principle clearance from the Ministry of Civil Aviation in February 2011. Karaikal Airport's Air Traffic Control, however, will be operated by the Airports Authority of India (AAI). The Airport, spread across 562 acres (227 ha), is being developed by Karaikal Airport Private Limited, a subsidiary of Super Airport Private Limited. The first phase of construction includes construction of a 1200-metre runway and a terminal building capable of handling 120 passengers during peak hours. The airport is expected to handle regional turboprop airliners like the ATR-42. The company plans to expand the airport after five years, extending the runway to 2,600 metres (8,500 feet) and increasing terminal building capacity to 500 passengers per hour. A further expansion is planned ten years down the line with a 3500-metre runway and a passenger capacity of 1,000 per hour.

Seaways[edit]

Karaikal port is a new deep sea water port being constructed in Karaikal. More than 600 acres (2.4 km²) of land was leased out to MARG corporation in year 2005 for 30 years and can be renewed for every 10 years thereafter. The port will have a total of nine berths and is constructed for primary transport of coal, textile and cement. The Karaikal port is intended to primarily handle cement and coal to serve the hinterland in Ariyalur, Perambalur and Tiruchi districts. The port is also expected to provide an alternative to the Chennai and Tuticorin ports, which are the major ports in the coastline but are separated by long distance. Further, Karaikal is in the middle of the Tamil Nadu coast, midway between the two deepwater ports of Chennai and Tuticorin.

Education[edit]

According to the 2001 Census, Karaikal has literacy rate of 83%. There is a wide network of Educational Institutions right from the Elementary level to Collegiate level in Karaikal region.

Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) was established in Karaikal in 2016 with an initial intake of 50 students. The students are selected through entrance exams conducted nationwide.

National Institute of Technology Puducherry was established in Karaikal in 2010. The students are admitted based on JEE MAIN entrance exam score.

British Airways Sep Manuals

Famous Personalities[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Sept Exam British Airways

1. ^http://www.karaikal.gov.in/DistrictProfile/AAG_General.htm
2. ^V. K. Subramanian. 101 Mystics of India. Abhinav Publications, 2006 - Hindus - 219 pages. p. 33.
3. ^'Climate: Karaikal - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table'. Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
4. ^'Thirunallar Temple Website -'. www.thirunallar.org.
5. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)

External links[edit]

• www.KaraikalPort.com